Cleft and Craniofacial Learning Resources

Embryology

Process and timing of craniofacial development

Facial development: Embryology Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhhWG3XzARY

Facial region Embryology + Development

Part 1

http://www.ajnr.org/content/34/12/2233

Part 2

http://www.ajnr.org/content/35/1/10

Part 3

http://www.ajnr.org/content/35/2/223.short

Development of the upper lip: morphogenetic and molecular mechanisms.

Jiang et al.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16292776/

Palatogenesis: morphogenetic and molecular mechanisms of secondary palate development.

Bush and Jiang 2012

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22186724/

Growth and development

Principles of paediatric physiology and craniofacial growth mechanisms

Growth sites and growth mechanisms at risk in cleft lip and palate.

Hans Friede 1998

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10066114/

The impact of cleft lip and palate repair on maxillofacial growth.

Shi and Losee 2015

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25394591/

Bone biology

Principles of bone healing, bone grafts and distraction osteogenesis

Bone biology + Physiology

Buck and Dumanian 2012

Part 1

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22634648/

Part 2

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22634692/

Distraction Osteogenesis Part 1: History and Uses in the Craniofacial Region.

Barber et al 2018.

https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/ortu.2018.11.1.14

Speech development

Mechanisms of speech and relation to feeding, swallowing and hearing.

Book – Case studies in Cleft Palate Speech by Anne Harding-Bell (Covers early speech development, cleft speech errors and appropriate speech management and includes video clips and recording to enable transcribing practice https://www.jr-press.co.uk/case-studies-cleft-palate-speech.html)

Book – Cleft Palate Speech: Assessment and Intervention by Sara Howard and Anette Lohmander https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118785065

Book - Speech Therapy in Cleft Palate and Velopharyngeal Dysfunction by Ginette Phippen and The Spires Cleft Centre SLT Team https://www.jr-press.co.uk/speech-therapy-cleft-palate-velopharyngeal-dysfunction.html

Issues in perceptual speech analysis in cleft palate and related disorders: a review

Sell 2005

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16101269/

International Association of Communication Sciences and Disorders

Free online speech courses

Free online cleft speech webinars 

Characteristics of cleft palate speech

Harding and Grunwell

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9059569/

Speech evaluation for patients with cleft palate

Kummer 2014

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24607192/

Pre-operative workup

Range of normal pre-operative paediatric parameters, risk factors for anaesthetic and operation

Anaesthesia for cleft lip and palate surgery

Sommerville and Fenlon 2005

https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/5/3/76/278691

GAS 1 Trial

Davidson et al 2016

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26507180/

GAS 2 Trial

McCann et al 2019

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30782342/

22q11.2 Deletion

Pathophysiology, classification, recognition and management options/priorities

Max Appeal Library is a great area for resources

Towards a safety net for management of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: guidelines for our times

Habel et al., 2014

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4032642/

Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

McDonald-McGinn and Sullivan 2011

https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/Fulltext/2011/01000/Chromosome_22q11_2_Deletion_Syndrome__DiGeorge.1.aspx

Velocardiofacial syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome: the chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndromes

Kobrynski and Sullivan 2007

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17950858/

Surgical management of Velopharyngeal Incompetence in Velocardiofacial Syndrome

Mehendale et al., 2004

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Surgical+Management+of+Velopharyngeal+Incompetence+in+Velocardiofacial+Syndrome

Pierre Robin Sequence

Pathophysiology, recognition and management options/priorities

Pierre Robin Sequence: A comprehensive narrative review of the literature over time.

Giudice et al., 2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468785518301186?via%3Dihub

A new grading of Pierre Robin Sequence

Cole et al., 2008

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18956939/

Best Practices for the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Infants With Robin Sequence: A Clinical Consensus Report. Breugem et al. 2016

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27429161/

Treacher Collins

Pathophysiology, recognition of phenotype and management options/priorities

Treacher Collins Syndrome: etiology, pathogenesis and prevention

Trainor et al., 2008

https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg2008221

The Surgical Management of Treacher Collins Syndrome.

Cobb et al., 2014

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266435614000679

Stickler

Pathophysiology, recognition of phenotype and management options/priorities

Therapeutic and diagnostic advances in Stickler Syndrome

Snead et al., 2020

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2633004020978661

Stickler syndrome – lessons from a national cohort

Snead et al., 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-021-01776-8

Van der Woude

Pathophysiology, recognition of phenotype and management options/priorities

Van der Woude syndrome: a review

Rizos and Spyropoulos 2004

https://academic.oup.com/ejo/article/26/1/17/568138?login=true

Loeys Deitz

Pathophysiology, recognition of phenotype and management options/priorities

Loeys-dietz: a primer for diagnosis and management

MacCarrick et al., 2014

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24577266/

Antenatal diagnosis

Possibilities and limitations of antenatal diagnosis, likelihood of undiagnosed coexistent abnormalities

30 years of Prenatal Cleft Diagnosis: What have we learned?

Steinberg and Gosain, 2015

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26313826/

Breaking the News: Parents’ experiences of receiving an antenatal diagnosis of cleft lip

Stock et al., 2019

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31018646/

Pre-surgical orthopaedics

Principles, indications and awareness of advantages and disadvantages

Systematic review of the long-term effects of presurgical orthopedic devices on patient outcomes

Garland et al., 2021

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1055665621998176

Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding in infants with cleft lip and palate

Grayson et al., 1999

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1597/1545-1569_1999_036_0486_pnmiiw_2.3.co_2

Overview of early cleft surgery

Surgical anatomy, pathological anatomy, rationale of techniques, timing and sequence

Cleft lip, cleft palate and velopharyngeal insufficiency

Fisher and Sommerlad 2011

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21921748/

Range and timing of surgery, and surgery sequences used, in primary repair of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate: The Cleft Care UK study

Slator et al., 2020

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31664771/

A closer look at delayed primary cleft surgery and unrepaired cleft lip and/or palate in 5 UK cleft centers

Butterworth et al., 2021

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34109829/

Current surgical practice for children born with a cleft lip and/or palate in the United Kingdom

Fell et al., 2022

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35199604

PRS Cleft Video Collection

https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/pages/collectiondetails.aspx?TopicalCollectionId=44

Unilateral cleft lip reconstruction

Surgical anatomy, pathological anatomy, rationale of techniques, timing and sequence

The Millard Rotation-Advancement Cleft Lip Repair: 50 years of Modification

Roussel et al., 2015

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25642967/

Unilateral cleft lip repair: an anatomical subunit approximation technique

Fisher 2005

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15988248/

Unilateral cleft lip repair using the anatomical subunit approximation

Tse and Lien 2014

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25829157/

Long-term comparison of four techniques for obtaining nasal symmetry in unilateral complete cleft lip patients: A single surgeon’s experience

Chang et al., 2010

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20885247/

The essential anatomical subunit approximation unilateral cleft lip repair

Chong and Swanson 2016

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27348690/

Unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity: Foundation-based approach to primary rhinoplasty

Tse et al., 2019

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31688761/

Bilateral cleft lip reconstruction

Surgical anatomy, pathological anatomy, rationale of techniques, timing and sequence

Repair of bilateral complete cleft lip and nasal deformity – state of the art

Mulliken 2000

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10912711/

Modern tenets for repair of bilateral cleft lip

Allori and Marcus 2014

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24607187/

A guide to bilateral cleft lip markings: an anthropometric study of the normal cupid’s bow

Loo et al., 2021

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402316/

Primary cleft palate reconstruction

Surgical anatomy, pathological anatomy, rationale of techniques, timing and sequence

A technique for cleft palate repair

Sommerlad 2003

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14578783/

The use of the operating microscope for cleft palate repair and pharyngoplasty

Sommerlad 2003

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14578782/

Cleft palate repair by double opposing Z-plasty

Furlow 1986

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3786527/

Cleft palate repair: description of an approach, its evolution, and analysis of postoperative fistulas.

Tse and Siebold 2017

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351181/

Maxillary growth in cleft lip and palate patients, with and without vomerine flap closure of the hard palate at the time of lip repair

Hay et al., 2018

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29652539/

Surgical variation between consultant surgeons performing a Sommerlad radial intravelar veloplasty

Butterworth et al., 2021

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33517708/

Submucous cleft palate

Surgical anatomy, pathological anatomy, rationale of techniques, timing and sequence

Submucous cleft palate: A grading system and review of 40 consecutive submucous cleft palate repairs

Sommerlad et al., 2004

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14989694/

Palatal fistulae

Assessment of palatal fistulae and awareness of reconstructive options

Fistula incidence after primary cleft palate repair: a systematic review of the literature

Hardwick et al., 2014

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25357056/

Closer to the truth on national fistula prevalence after unilateral complete cleft lip and palate repair? The Cleft Care UK Study

Yang et al., 2020

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31248277/

A successful algorithm for limiting postoperative fistulae following palatal procedures in the patient with orofacial clefting

Losee et al., 2008

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18626373/

Pakistan comprehensive fistula classification: a novel scheme and algorithm for management of palatal fistula/dehiscence.

Fayyaz et al., 2019

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30431540/

Velopharyngeal function and surgical intervention for VPI

Anatomy and physiology of palatal function and pathophysiology of VPI

The evaluation and management of velopharyngeal dysfunction

Marsh 2004

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15145668/

Surgery for velopharyngeal dysfunction: a systematic review of interventions and outcomes.

De Blacam et al., 2017

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29437504/

Posterior pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty: the state of the art

Sloan 2000

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10749049/

The buccinator mucomuscular flap: an in-depth analysis and evaluation of its role in the management of velopharyngeal dysfunction

Ahl et al., 2016

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26237190/

Alveolar bone graft

Evolution of secondary dentition, orthodontic investigation and treatment

An evaluation of alveolar bone grafting in the UK and Ireland

Jauhar et al., 2018

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34162059/

Alveolar bone grafting and cleft lip and palate: a review

Weissler et al., 2016

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27879598/

Cleft Septo-Rhinoplasty

Pathological anatomy of cleft nose and reconstructive options of approach and technique

Rhinoplasty for cleft nose deformity

Holmes 2019

https://www.entandaudiologynews.com/features/ent-features/post/rhinoplasty-for-cleft-nose-deformity-ent

Evidence-based medicine: Secondary correction of cleft lip nasal deformity

Allori and Mulliken 2017

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28654617/

Cleft related orthognathic surgery

Anatomy and pathological anatomy of facial growth, planning and orthognathic principles and appliances

Outcomes of maxillary orthognathic surgery in patients with cleft lip and palate: A literature review

Ganoo et al., 2019

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31624427/

Single Suture

Surgical anatomy, pathological anatomy and pathophysiology

Update in the management of craniosynostosis 

Xue et al 2022

https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Fulltext/2022/06000/Update_in_Management_of_Craniosynostosis.43.aspx

A review of the management of single-suture craniosynostosis, past, present and future

Proctor and Meara 2019

https://thejns.org/pediatrics/view/journals/j-neurosurg-pediatr/24/6/article-p622.xml

Craniosynostosis – Recognition, clinical characteristics and treatment

Kajdic et al., 2018

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5988529/

AO Foundation – Craniosynostosis

https://surgeryreference.aofoundation.org/cmf/congenital-deformities/craniosynostosis

Spring-assisted cranioplasty for the correction of nonsyndromic scaphocephaly: A quantitative analysis of 100 consecutive cases

Rodgers et al., 2017

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28338584/

VIDEO: Spring-mediated cranioplasty for sagittal craniosynostosis

Kalmar and Swanson 2021

https://thejns.org/video/view/journals/neurosurg-focus-video/4/2/article-pV6.xml

Modification of the Melbour7ne method for total calvarial vault remodeling

Hughes et al., 2018

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6110696/

Syndromic

Genetics of syndromes, recognition of phenotypes, indications for intervention, strategies for intercranial hypertension

Syndromic craniosynostosis

Sawh-Martinez and Steinbacher 2019

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30851747/

Syndromic craniosynostosis: Unique management considerations

Hersh and Hughes 2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1042368021000838

Syndromic craniosynostosis: complexities of clinical care

O’Hara et al., 2019

https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/495739

Hypertelorism

Applied anatomy of the orbits, definition of terms and differential diagnosis. Awareness of box osteotomies and facial bipartition.

State-of-the-art hypertelorism management

Shakir et al., 2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094129818301019

AO Foundation: Box Osteotomies

https://surgeryreference.aofoundation.org/cmf/congenital-deformities/hypertelorism/orbital-hypertelorism-intraorbital-hypertelorism/four-wall-box-osteotomy-of-the-orbits#principles

AO Foundation: Facial Bipartition

https://surgeryreference.aofoundation.org/cmf/congenital-deformities/hypertelorism/orbital-hypertelorism-intraorbital-hypertelorism-with-midface-defect/symmetric-facial-bipartition?searchurl=%2fSearchResults#mobilization-and-fixation

Monobloc distraction and facial bipartition distraction with external devices

Dunaway et al., 2021

https://www.plasticsurgery.theclinics.com/article/S0094-1298(21)00035-3/fulltext

Craniofacial microsomia

Pathophysiology, classification, recognition and management options/priorities

The O.M.E.N.S. classification of hemifacial microsomia

Vento et al., 1991

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1848447/

Surgical correction of craniofacial microsomia: evaluation of interventions in 565 patients in three major craniofacial units

Britt et al., 2019

https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Abstract/2019/05000/Surgical_Correction_of_Craniofacial_Microsomia_.34.aspx

Surgical correction of the midface in craniofacial microsomia. Part 1: a systematic review

Van de Lande et al., 2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1010518218303111#!

European Guideline Craniofacial Microsomia

Renkema and the ERN CRANIO Working Group 2020

https://journals.lww.com/jcraniofacialsurgery/Fulltext/2020/12001/European_Guideline_Craniofacial_Microsomia.3.aspx

Ear reconstruction

Applied anatomy of ear, principles of osseointegration, locoregional flap options, principles of tissue expansion

Microtia Part 1: Anatomy/Embryology

Beahm and Walton, 2002

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12045579/

Microtia Part 2: Surgical Techniques

Walton and Beahm, 2002

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12087261/

Microtia reconstruction

Wilkes et al., 2014

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25158724/

Craniofacial clefts

Pathophysiology, classification and management principles

Anatomical classification of facial, craniofacial and latero-facial clefts

Tessier 1976

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301050376800136?via%3Dihub

Rare Facial Clefts

Reddy and Acharya 2021

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-1346-6_77

Outcome assessment

Methods to assess outcomes in cleft and craniofacial

A review of outcome measures used in cleft care. Jones et al., 2014

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24521752/

Measuring outcomes in CL/P treatment. Sitzman et al 2014.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24607197/

What matters to patients with cleft lip and/or palate: An international qualitative study informing the development of the CLEFT-Q

Wong et al., 2017

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29437508/

Facilitators and Barriers to Implementing Standardized Outcome Measurement for Children With Cleft Lip and Palate.

Weidler et al. 2021

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32662298/

A Standard Set of Outcome Measures for the Comprehensive Appraisal of Cleft Care.

Allori et al. 2017

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27223626/